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[[File:Papyrus.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Папируска суруйуу]]
[[File:Ruins of the guard tower.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Кытай улахан истиэнин башнятын руиналара.]]
[[Суруйуу]] кумааҕыны айыан иннинэ саҕаламмыта. Дьон араас атын материалларга суруйар этэ. Ол курдук таҥаска, истиэнэҕэ, маска.
[[Writing]] started long before the invention of paper. People wrote on many kinds of material. They wrote on cloth, on stone walls, on wood. In [[Mesopotamia]] the [[Sumer]]ians wrote on [[clay]] tablets, many of which have survived today.
=== FirstБастакы paperкумааҕы ===
Элбэх үйэ аннараа өттүгэр Египетка кумааҕыга майгынныыр папирус диэн материалы айыбттар. Греция уонна Рим дьонноро ону эмиэ үөрэппттэр. Рим дьонноро тирииттэн оҥоһуллубут тэрилгэ суруйаллар эбит.
Many [[century|centuries]] ago – as early as the [[3rd millennium BC]] (that's over 2000 BC) – people in [[Egypt]] made a kind of paper from the [[papyrus]] plant.<ref name = Skeat>[http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Egerton/BellSkeat2.html H. Idris Bell and T.C. Skeat, 1935. "Papyrus and its uses"] ([[British Museum]] pamphlet).</ref> This is where the word 'paper' comes from. The people of [[Greece]] and [[Rome]] learned to do this too. The Romans wrote on [[parchment]] (made from animal skin), on [[wax]]ed tablets and on wood (see [[Vindolanda]]).
Биһиги эрабыт иннинэ 105 сылыгар Кытайга кумааҕыны айбыттар. Ол иннинэ бамбугу уонна солкону тутталлар эбит. Саамай урут оҥоһуллубут кумааҕы Кытай Великай Истиэнэтин аттыгар булуллубут. Онно 105 сыла сурулла сылдьабр эбит. Кумааҕыны оҥоруу секрет курдук ааҕыллар этэ, кимиэхэ да кэпсээбэт эбиттэр.
In [[China]] 105 AD, the [[eunuch]] [[Ts'ai Lun]] told his Emperor he had made paper. They had previously used [[bamboo]] and [[silk]].<ref>Han dynasty 206BC–220AD.</ref><ref name=Carter>Carter, Thomas Francis 1925. ''The invention of printing in China and its spread westward''. Columbia N.Y.</ref> The material used in this ancient paper included [[cotton]] [[rag]]s, [[hemp]], various plant fibres, and old fish [[net]]s. The oldest existing paper with writing on it was found in the ruins of a watchtower in the [[Great Wall of China]]. It dates to about 150 AD.<ref name=Carter/><sup>p5</sup><ref>Stein, M. Aurel 1921. ''Serindia''. London 1921.</ref><ref>Papermaking. 2007. In: ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', from ''Encyclopedia Britannica Online''.</ref> Even earlier paper (but with no writing on it) has been claimed: "The oldest surviving piece of paper in the world is made of hemp fibers, discovered in 1957 in a tomb near Xian, China, and dates from between the years 140 and 87 BCE".<ref>Temple, Robert 1986. ''The genius of China: 3,000 Years of science, discovery, and invention''. Simon and Schuster, New York.</ref> Paper-making was regarded by the Chinese as so valuable that they kept it secret as long as they could.
=== Spread of paperТарҕаныыта ===
Дьоппуон дьоно хайдах кумааҕыны оҥорору 610 сыллаахха билбиттэр. Ону Уаши диэн аттабыытар. Ол кэнниттн кумааҕы Индияҕа, Ближняй востокка уонна Италияҕа тарҕаммыт.
People in [[Japan]] learned how to make paper with fibers of the [[mulberry]] tree, around 610 AD. This is called Japanese paper or ''[[Washi]]''. The Chinese invention spread to [[India]], and then to the [[Middle East]], and then to [[Italy]].
An opportunity occurred after The Battle of Talas in 751. Then an [[Arab]] army captured soldiers of the Chinese. There were some paper makers among the captured soldiers. From them, paper-making spread throughout the [[Islamic]] world. In 757, a paper mill was built at [[Samarkand]]. People learned to use [[linen]] as paper raw material and to use starch made from [[flour]] as an additive.
The [[Italy|Italians]] used [[hemp]] and [[linen]] rags. In 1276 the first Italian paper mill was built at [[Fabriano]] and, until the 14 century, Italy was a paper supplier in Europe. In 1282 the first [[watermark]] was introduced in [[Bologna]].
=== Machine-made paper ===
Paper was hard to make, and it cost a lot of [[money]]. In the 19th century, new [[machine]]s were made that could make paper out of [[wood]] fibres (instead of the hand-made rag paper). This was conceived in [[France]] 1798, but the machines were invented in [[England]]. The first one was in use by 1812.<ref>Hunter, Dard 1978. ''Paper-making: the history and technique of an ancient craft''. Courier Dover</ref><ref>Munsell, Joe 2009 [reprint of 1870 4th ed]. ''A chronology of paper and paper-making''. Albany.</ref> It helped to make paper cheap enough for everyone to buy. Around the same time, other [[invention]]s were made, like the [[pencil]], the [[fountain pen]], and a [[printing press]] that used [[steam power]]. Because of these new things, it was easy for people to write letters, to buy books and newspapers, and to keep records of what they did.
Today, some of the largest paper-producing countries are [[USA]], [[Canada]], [[Finland]], [[Sweden]] and [[Russia]]. Paper is produced in large factories called ''paper mills''. They produce hundreds of thousands of tons of paper each year.
== Uses of paper ==
Paper is used for [[write|writing]] and [[wikt:print|printing]]. Books, [[magazine]]s and [[newspaper]]s are printed on paper.
Paper is often used for [[money]]. Paper used for money is often made in very special ways, to make it hard for people to print their own money. A piece of paper money is called a [[banknote]], a [[bill]], or a note.
Paper can be used for cleaning. Special forms of paper are used, such as [[paper towel]]s, [[facial tissue]]s, or [[toilet paper]].
Pretty paper can be used as [[decoration]]. It can be pasted onto the walls of a room; this is called [[wallpaper]]. Paper can be used to wrap gifts. This is called [[wrapping paper]] or [[gift wrap]].
Some kinds of paper are strong and can be used in [[box]]es and other [[packaging]] [[material]]. Sometimes several layers of paper are held together with [[glue]], to make [[cardboard]].
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